Unbalanced

Unbalanced

When too much of one or more nutrients is present in the diet to the exclusion of the proper amount of other nutrients, the diet is said to be unbalanced. High calorie food ingredients such as vegetable oils, sugar and alcohol are referred to as "empty calories" because they displace from the diet foods that also contain protein, vitamins, minerals and fiber.[76]

Illnesses caused by underconsumption and overconsumption

Nutrients Deficiency Excess
Macronutrients
Food energy Starvation, marasmus Obesity, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease
Simple carbohydrates None Obesity, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease
Complex carbohydrates None Obesity, cardiovascular disease (high glycemic index foods)
Protein Kwashiorkor Protein poisoning
Saturated fat Low testosterone levels,[77] vitamin deficiencies[citation needed] Obesity, cardiovascular disease[78]
Trans fat None Obesity, cardiovascular disease
Unsaturated fat Fat-soluble vitamin deficiency Obesity, cardiovascular disease
Micronutrients
Vitamin A Xerophthalmia, night blindness, and low testosterone levels[citation needed] Hypervitaminosis A (cirrhosis, hair loss)
Vitamin B1 Beri-Beri
Vitamin B2 Skin and corneal lesions, cracking of skin and corneal unclearation
Niacin Pellagra Dyspepsia, cardiac arrhythmias, birth defects
Biotin Biotin deficiency Reproductive and teratogenic effects
Folate Anemia Masks B12 deficiency, which can lead to permanent neurological damage
Vitamin B12 Pernicious anemia, nerve cell damage
Vitamin C Scurvy Diarrhea causing dehydration
Vitamin D Rickets, osteomalacia Hypervitaminosis D (dehydration, vomiting, constipation)
Vitamin E Neurological disease Hypervitaminosis E (anticoagulant: excessive bleeding)
Vitamin K Hemorrhage
Omega-3 fats Cardiovascular Disease Bleeding, hemorrhages, hemorrhagic stroke, reduced glycemic control among diabetics
Omega-6 fats None Cardiovascular disease, Cancer
Cholesterol During development: deficiencies in myelinization of the brain Cardiovascular disease[78]
Macrominerals
Calcium Osteoporosis, tetany, carpopedal spasm, laryngospasm, cardiac arrhythmias Fatigue, depression, confusion, nausea, vomiting, constipation, pancreatitis, increased urination, kidney stones, anorexia[citation needed]
Magnesium Hypertension Weakness, nausea, vomiting, impaired breathing, and hypotension
Potassium Hypokalemia, cardiac arrhythmias Hyperkalemia, palpitations
Sodium Hyponatremia Hypernatremia, hypertension
Trace minerals
Iron Anemia Cirrhosis, hereditary hemochromatosis, heart disease, cardiovascular disease
Iodine Goiter, hypothyroidism Iodine toxicity (goiter, hypothyroidism)

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